Parallel structure — Language, 11–13
Matching grammatical forms makes lists and comparisons easier to follow. The pattern lets readers see the ideas as equally important.
Matching forms make patterns clear
Parallel structure means giving items in a list or comparison the same grammatical shape. For example, “running, swimming and cycling” matches three -ing forms. The repeated shape acts like a visible rail: you can concentrate on the meaning instead of working out how each item fits.
Why match the grammar?
Without a shared shape, a list can make readers pause and ask whether the items have the same role. Matching forms solves that reading problem and can make a sentence sound balanced and deliberate. Writers have used this pattern for centuries because rhythm and structure help important ideas stay together.
Repairing a list
Take this sentence: “Maya likes drawing, to bake and cycling.” First, spot the three activities: “drawing” is an -ing form, “to bake” is an infinitive and “cycling” is another -ing form. Choose one pattern and repeat it: “Maya likes drawing, baking and cycling.” Now every item has the same grammatical job.
The trap: matching meanings but not forms
A mixed list can feel acceptable because every item names a related idea. That is why “I enjoy music, reading and to dance” often slips past us: the meaning is clear. Still, the first two items use nouns or -ing forms while the last uses an infinitive. Check the shape of each item, not only its meaning.
Where this helps
You use parallel structure in revision lists, instructions, presentations, slogans and applications. “Plan carefully, work steadily, check your results” is easier to remember than a list with three different shapes. When you draft a list, underline the first word of each item and see whether the pattern matches.
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